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- INTERNET--DRAFT Chris Weider
- IETF URI Working Group Merit Network, Inc.
- Peter Deutsch
- Bunyip Information
- Systems, Inc.
- May, 1993
-
- Uniform Resource Names
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- In this paper, the authors propose an identifier, call the Uniform Resource
- Name (URN), which is designed to provide persistent naming for resources
- and objects on the Internet.
-
- This document is an Internet Draft. Internet Drafts are working
- documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its Areas,
- and its Working Groups. Note that other groups may also distribute
- working documents as Internet Drafts.
-
- Internet Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six
- months. Internet Drafts may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted
- by other documents at any time. It is not appropriate to use
- Internet Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than
- as a "working draft" or "work in progress."
-
- Please check the I-D abstract listing contained in each Internet
- Draft directory to learn the current status of this or any
- other Internet Draft.
-
- This Internet Draft expires November 10, 1993.
-
-
- 1: Introduction
-
- A Uniform Resource Name (URN) is an identifier which can be used to uniquely
- identify a resource, and is designed to provide persistent naming for
- networked objects. This name would stay the same no matter what the
- current location(s) of the object was.
-
- 2: Motivation
-
- This work comes out of the discussions held at the Uniform Resource Identifier
- meetings at the IETF, and from further discussions among interested parties.
- Currently, the only standard identification scheme for resources on the Net is
- the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) [Berners-Lee 1993]. This "Locator"
- is designed to provide a uniform way of specifying location and retrieval
- information for networked objects. The URL, however, will not provide a stable,
- long-lived reference to a resource as the resources have a bad habit of moving
- out from under the locator. Also, a given resource may have multiple URLs if
- it resides at a number of different locations on the net, or is available
- under a number of different access methods. Thus it is difficult to tell,
- given two different URLs, whether the resources they point to are the same
- or different without retrieving both of them. The Uniform Resource Name, or
- URN, has been designed to alleviate these problems.
-
- 3: The Uniform Resource Name (URN)
-
- 3.1 Functionality
-
- The URN is designed to provide persistent naming for objects on the net. It
- is intended to be used in conjunction with a directory service, which can
- provide a URN -> URL mapping [Weider 1993]. This URN-URL architecture allows
- permanent references to be made to resources without worrying about their
- current locations. It is also intended to provide some detection of duplicates
- in responses to queries of various resource location services.
-
- INTERNET--DRAFT Uniform Resource Names Weider, Deutsch
-
-
- 3.2 What URNs are *not*
-
- URNs are not intended to be human-readable in the sense that a human could
- look at the URN and determine anything about the contents of the resource.
- While the Naming Authority (q.v.) has the final determination of the contents
- (subject to the syntax constraints), the Naming Authority is STRONGLY
- discouraged from placing metainformation about the resource into the resource's
- URN, as the URNs are not expected to be read, and because this paper will
- specify only four consistent components of the URN. Although there have been a
- number of proposals placing extensive semantics on the contents of the URN
- [Spero 1992, Kunze 1993], it was decided by the authors of all the proposals
- that all metainformation should be conveyed using another mechanism, and that
- the Naming Authority should assume that humans will never look at the contents
- of the URN to determine qualities of the resource they are retrieving, and
- would not be required to guess from a given URN the URN of a document which
- might be related.
-
- 3.3 Components of the URN
-
- There are three components to the URN; a wrapper, a Naming Authority identifier,
- and an opaque 'name'. The general syntax is:
-
-
- URN:Naming_Authority_identifier::opaque_string:::
-
- ^ | ^ | ^
- |_________________ wrapper ___|_______________|
-
- Blanks, <crlf>s, and non-printing characters are NOT allowed. For a full
- allowable character set, see section 5.
-
- 3.3.1 The wrapper
-
- The wrapper consists of the 4 character header 'URN:', two consecutive
- colons to separate the Naming_Authority_Identifier component from the
- opaque_string component, and the 3 character trailer ':::'.
-
- 3.3.2 The Naming Authority Identifier
-
- The Naming Authority identifier consists of two sub-components, a 'scheme
- identifier' and an 'individual identifier'. A scheme identifier is the
- name of a protocol or organization which can guarantee the uniqueness and
- resolvability of the individual identifier. The individual identifier is
- the identifier of an organization which has assigned the opaque string
- component to the resource and can resolve the URN to a set of URLs for the
- resource. The scheme identifier and the individual identifier are separated by
- a colon. For example, typical Naming Authorities might be
-
- IANA:42117
-
- or
-
- ISBN_Publisher_ID:0_201_12
- etc.
-
- 3.3.3 The Opaque String
-
- The opaque string component of the URN is any string the Naming Authority
- wishes to assign to a given resource, subject only to the syntax description
-
-
- INTERNET--DRAFT Uniform Resource Names Weider, Deutsch
-
-
- below. As mentioned above, the Naming Authority should not assume that a
- human will ever read the URN. Also, the Naming Authority, in assigning an
- opaque string to a given resource, should keep the following guidelines in
- mind:
-
- 1: A given opaque string should be case-insensitive (for compatibility
- with very old systems).
-
- 2: A given opaque string, once assigned, should never be reused. These
- are expected to be persistent names for resources (think in terms
- of decades).
-
- 3: In assigning an opaque string, and thus creating a URN, the Naming
- Authority should make provisions for a URN -> URL mapping
- function. This need be nothing more than finding an organization
- which is already providing this service for other URNs and making
- arrangements to have them translate for the new URN, or could
- be as involved as creating a new software agent to provide this
- service. Remember that a name is no good without some way of
- getting a location.
-
- 4: URNs will be returned as pointers from a resource location service.
- (See [Weider 1993]). Consequently, a Naming Authority should give
- some thought to the assignation of new URNs for resources which
- are derived in some fashion from other resources to which that
- Authority has already assigned URNs. For example, should the
- Postscript version and the ASCII version of a paper have the
- same URN? While there are no universally applicable answers to
- questions like these (for example, should the Russian and English
- versions of a scientific paper have the same URN?) an Authority
- should keep in mind that users will want to weed out duplicate
- resources in the lists of URNs returned by a resource location
- service, and consequently will be doing a lot of equality testing
- on the URNs.
-
-
- 4: Setting up as a Naming Authority
-
- There are 2 scheme identifiers listed here; others will no doubt be suggested
- and added as this draft circulates. They are:
-
- IANA
- ISBN_Publisher_ID
-
- To set one's organization up as a Naming Authority, one can use the ISBN
- publisher ID one has been assigned, or one can apply for an Enterprise
- Number from the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) if the organization
- does not already have one. The general syntax is listed in section 5.
-
- 5: Syntax
-
- Below is a BNF like description of the syntax of the URN. Spaces have
- been used here to separate components for readability, spaces are NOT ALLOWED
- in a syntactically correct URN. Square brackets '[' and ']' are used to
- indicate optional parts; a vertical line "|" indicates alternatives.
- Single letters and digits stand for themselves. All words of more than one
- letter are either expanded further in the syntax or represent themselves.
-
-
- INTERNET--DRAFT Uniform Resource Names Weider, Deutsch
-
-
- urn URN: Authority_Id :: opaque_string :::
- Authority_Id Scheme_ID [ : Individual ]
- Scheme_ID IANA | ISBN_Publisher_ID
- Individual xalphas
- opaque_string xalphas
- xalphas xalpha [ xalphas ]
- xalpha a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l |
- m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x |
- y | z | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J |
- K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V |
- W | X | Y | Z | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
- 9 | 0 | - | _ | . | @
-
- 6: References
-
- [Kunze 1993] Kunze, John, Resource Citations for Electronic Discovery and
- Retrieval, March, 1993. Circulated to ietf-uri mailing list.
-
- [Spero 1992] Spero, Simon, Uniform Resource Numbers, November 1992.
- Circulated to ietf-uri mailing list.
-
- [Weider 1993] Weider, Chris and Deutsch, Peter. A Vision of an Integrated
- Internet Information Service, March, 1993. Available as
-
- ftp://nic.merit.edu/documents/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-iiir-vision-00.txt
-
- 7: Author's addresses
-
- Chris Weider
- clw@merit.edu
- Merit Network, Inc.
- 2901 Hubbard, Pod G
- Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Phone: (313) 747-2730
- Fax: (313) 747-3185
-
- Peter Deutsch
- peterd@bunyip.com
- Bunyip Information Systems
- 310 St-Catherine St West
- suite 202,
- Montreal, Quebec H2X 2A1
- CANADA
-